Chronophilia: Difference between revisions

From NewgonWiki
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(import from an improved version of Wikipedia's article (now censored) - start progress towards full article)
 
No edit summary
Line 29: Line 29:


==Chronophilias related to minors==
==Chronophilias related to minors==
The term ''[[Minor Attracted Person|minor-attraction]]'' has been used as an umbrella term to classify chronophilias related to minors. Under this terminology, a person who is attracted to minors would be called a ''minor-attracted person'' (MAP).<ref name="Lievesley_20222">Lievesley R, Lapworth R. (February 2022). [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-021-02160-z "We Do Exist": The Experiences of Women Living with a Sexual Interest in Minors]. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'', volume 51, issue 2, pages 879–896, doi 10.1007/s10508-021-02160-z, pmc 8888496, pmid 34791582</ref><ref name=":0">Lievesley et al (2022). [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02271-7 Primary Health Professionals' Beliefs, Experiences, and Willingness to Treat Minor-Attracted Persons]. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'', volume 51, issue 2, pages 923–943, doi 10.1007/s10508-021-02271-7, issn 1573-2800, pmc 8793822, pmid 35084616</ref> The usage of this term in scientific articles started growing after 2017.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jahnke |first1=Sara |last2=Blagden |first2=Nicholas |last3=Hill |first3=Laura |date=2022 |title=Pedophile, Child Lover, or Minor-Attracted Person? Attitudes Toward Labels Among People Who are Sexually Attracted to Children |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |language=en |volume=51 |issue=8 |pages=4125–4139 |doi=10.1007/s10508-022-02331-6 |issn=0004-0002 |pmc=9663395 |pmid=36175817}}</ref> It is controversial among academics whether ephebophiles should be considered minor-attracted.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Lievesley_20222" />
[[File:Warren Cup BM GR 1999.4-26.1 n2.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Warren Cup]] depicting an older man having sexual intercourse with an adolescent boy.]]
The term ''[[Minor Attracted Person|minor-attraction]]'' has been used as an umbrella term to classify chronophilias related to minors. Under this terminology, a person who is attracted to minors would be called a ''minor-attracted person'' (MAP).<ref name="Lievesley_2022">Lievesley R, Lapworth R. (February 2022). [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-021-02160-z "We Do Exist": The Experiences of Women Living with a Sexual Interest in Minors]. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'', volume 51, issue 2, pages 879–896, doi 10.1007/s10508-021-02160-z, pmc 8888496, pmid 34791582</ref><ref name=":0">Lievesley et al (2022). [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02271-7 Primary Health Professionals' Beliefs, Experiences, and Willingness to Treat Minor-Attracted Persons]. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'', volume 51, issue 2, pages 923–943, doi 10.1007/s10508-021-02271-7, issn 1573-2800, pmc 8793822, pmid 35084616</ref> The usage of this term in scientific articles started growing after 2017.<ref>[[Sara Jahnke|Jahnke, Sara et al (2022). [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-022-02331-6 Pedophile, Child Lover, or Minor-Attracted Person? Attitudes Toward Labels Among People Who are Sexually Attracted to Children]. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'', volume 51, issue 8, pages 4125–4139, doi 10.1007/s10508-022-02331-6, issn 0004-0002, pmc 9663395, pmid 36175817</ref> It is controversial among academics whether ephebophiles should be considered minor-attracted.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Lievesley_2022" />


Similarly to other sexual groups, people who are attracted to minors often become aware of their sexual preference during adolescence.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=Allyson |last2=Panfil |first2=Vanessa R. |date=2017-03-01 |title=Minor Attraction: A Queer Criminological Issue |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7 |journal=Critical Criminology |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=37–53 |doi=10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7 |s2cid=254419401 |issn=1572-9877}}</ref>
Similarly to other sexual groups, people who are attracted to minors often become aware of their sexual preference during adolescence.<ref name=":2">[[Allyn Walker|Walker, Allyson]] and Panfil, Vanessa R. (2017). [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7 Minor Attraction: A Queer Criminological Issue]. ''Critical Criminology'' volume 25, issue=1, pages 37–53, doi 10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7, s2cid 254419401, issn 1572-9877</ref>


=== Nepiophilia ===
=== Nepiophilia ===
[[Nepiophilia]] (sometimes called ''infantophilia'') is a form of sexual preference for infants up to the age of 2. This age range corresponds to the [[Tanner scale|Tanner stage]] 1.<ref name="Seto_2017" />
[[Nepiophilia]] (sometimes called ''infantophilia'') is defined as a form of sexual preference for infants up to the age of 2 or 3. This age range corresponds to the [[Tanner scale|Tanner stage]] 1.<ref name="Seto_2017" />


Very little is known about this chronophilia. It, along with gerontophilia, is expected to be one of the rarest chronophilias that exist.<ref name="Seto_2017" />
Very little is known about nepiophilia. It, along with gerontophilia, is expected to be one of the rarest "chronophilias" that exist.<ref name="Seto_2017" />


=== Pedophilia ===
=== Pedophilia ===
{{See also|Pedophilia}}
[[Pedophilia]] is a "chronophilia" whose objects of attraction are [[Wikipedia:prepubescent|prepubescent]] minors ([[child]]ren) from the ages of 3 to 10 (sometimes set as high as 11, or 12). This age range also corresponds to Tanner stage 1.<ref name="Seto_2017" />
[[File:Warren Cup BM GR 1999.4-26.1 n2.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Warren Cup]] depicting an older man having sexual intercouse with a little boy.]]
Pedophilia is a chronophilia whose objects of attraction are [[prepubescent]] minors from the ages of 3 to 10. This age range also corresponds to Tanner stage 1.<ref name="Seto_2017" />


Pedophilia is the best-researched chronophilia. It has been estimated that the prevalence of pedophilia among the general male population was up to 5%. Pedophilia is more common among men than women, which is the case with most [[paraphilia]]s (except for [[Sadomasochism|masochism]] and [[objectophilia]], among others).<ref name="Seto_2017" />
Pedophilia is the best-researched chronophilia. It has been estimated in the [[DSM]] that the prevalence of pedophilia among the general male population could be as high as 5%. Pedophilia is more common among men than women, which is the case with most interests defined as [[paraphilia]]s (except for [[Sadomasochism|masochism]] and [[objectophilia]], among others).<ref name="Seto_2017" />


According to the fifth edition of the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] (DSM-5), pedophilia is a paraphilia in which a person has intense sexual urges towards children, and experiences recurrent sexual urges towards and [[fantasy (psychology)|fantasies]] about children. Pedophilic disorder is further defined as psychological disorder in which a person meets the criteria for pedophilia above, and also either acts upon those urges, or else experiences distress or interpersonal difficulty as a consequence.<ref>American Psychiatric Association, [http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/changes%20from%20dsm-iv-tr%20to%20dsm-5.pdf ''Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019204551/http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/changes%20from%20dsm-iv-tr%20to%20dsm-5.pdf |date=October 19, 2013 }} Paraphilic disorders (page 18)</ref><ref name="dsm4">{{cite book | last = American Psychiatric Association | author-link = American Psychiatric Association | title = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV TR (Text Revision) | volume = 1 | url = http://www.psychiatryonline.com/resourceTOC.aspx?resourceID=1 | date = June 2000 | publisher = American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. | location = Arlington, VA, USA | isbn = 978-0-89042-024-9 | doi = 10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349 | page = 943 | access-date = 2010-05-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111025012701/http://www.psychiatryonline.com/resourceTOC.aspx?resourceID=1 | archive-date = 2011-10-25 | url-status = dead }}</ref>  
According to the fifth edition of the [[Wikipedia:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM]], pedophilia is a [[paraphilia]] in which a person has intense sexual "urges" towards children, and experiences recurrent sexual "urges" towards and [[Wikipedia:fantasy (psychology)|fantasies]] about children. ''Pedophilic disorder'' is further defined as a psychological disorder in which a person meets the criteria for pedophilia above, and also either acts upon those urges, or else experiences distress or interpersonal difficulty as a consequence.<ref>American Psychiatric Association (2013). [http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/changes%20from%20dsm-iv-tr%20to%20dsm-5.pdf ''Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5'']. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131019204551/http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/changes%20from%20dsm-iv-tr%20to%20dsm-5.pdf Archived]. Paraphilic disorders (page 18)</ref><ref name="dsm4">American Psychiatric Association (2000). [http://www.psychiatryonline.com/resourceTOC.aspx?resourceID=1 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV TR (Text Revision)]. Vol 1, isbn 978-0-89042-024-9, doi 10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349, page 943. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111025012701/http://www.psychiatryonline.com/resourceTOC.aspx?resourceID=1 Archived.]</ref>  


=== Hebephilia ===
=== Hebephilia ===
{{See also|Hebephilia}}
[[File:Jupiter küsst Ganymed (nach Wilhelm Böttner).jpg|thumb|"[[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]] Kissing [[Ganymede (mythology)|Ganymede]]" by <bdi>Wilhelm Böttner</bdi>, c. 1780.]]
[[File:Jupiter küsst Ganymed (nach Wilhelm Böttner).jpg|thumb|"[[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]] Kissing [[Ganymede (mythology)|Ganymede]]" by <bdi>Wilhelm Böttner</bdi>, c. 1780.]]
Hebephilia is a form of sexual attraction toward pubescent persons, from the ages ot 11 to 14. This age range corresponds to tanner stages 2 and 3.<ref name="Seto_2017" />  
Hebephilia is defined as a form of sexual attraction toward pubescent persons, from ages 11 to 14. This age range corresponds to Tanner stages 2 and 3.<ref name="Seto_2017" />  


The term ''hebephilia'' was introduced by [[Bernard Glueck Jr.|Bernard Glueck]] in 1955.<ref>{{cite report | vauthors = Glueck Jr BC | date = 1955 | title = Research project for the study and treatment of persons convicted of crimes involving sexual aberrations. June 1952 to June 1955. | location = New York | work = New York State Department of Mental Hygiene }}</ref> It has also been attributed to psychiatrist Paul K. Benedict.<ref name="Janssen_2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Janssen DF | title = "Chronophilia": Appreciating 150 Years of Puzzle-Solving | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 46 | issue = 1 | pages = 35–38 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 27796605 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-016-0883-3 | s2cid = 254264932 }}</ref>
The term ''hebephilia'' was introduced by [[Wikipedia:Bernard Glueck Jr.|Bernard Glueck]] in 1955.<ref>Glueck Jr BC, 1955. Research project for the study and treatment of persons convicted of crimes involving sexual aberrations. New York State Department of Mental Hygiene</ref> It has also been attributed to psychiatrist Paul K. Benedict.<ref name="Janssen_2017">[[Diederik Janssen|Janssen DF]] (2017). [https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s10508-016-0883-3 "Chronophilia": Appreciating 150 Years of Puzzle-Solving]. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'', vol 46, issue 1, pages 35–38, pmid 27796605, doi 10.1007/s10508-016-0883-3, s2cid 254264932</ref>


Despite being socially sanctioned in many modern [[Western world|Western]] societies, hebephilia is not an uncommon form of age-based sexual preference.<ref name="Seto_2017" /> Hebephilia has not been included as a diagnostic category in the DSM 5.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Beier |first1=K. M. |last2=Amelung |first2=T. |last3=Kuhle |first3=L. |last4=Grundmann |first4=D. |last5=Scherner |first5=G. |last6=Neutze |first6=J. |date=2015 |title=Hebephilia as a sexual disorder |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25723776/ |journal=Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=e1–9 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1398960 |issn=1439-3522 |pmid=25723776}}</ref>
Despite being socially sanctioned in many modern [[Wikipedia:Western world|Western]] societies, hebephilia is not an uncommon form of age-based sexual preference.<ref name="Seto_2017" /> Hebephilia has not been included as a diagnostic category in the DSM 5.<ref name="BeierDisorder">[[Klaus Beier|Beier, K. M.]] et al (2015). [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25723776/ Hebephilia as a sexual disorder]. ''Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie'', vol 83, issue 2, pages 1–9, doi 10.1055/s-0034-1398960, issn 1439-3522, pmid 25723776</ref>


=== Ephebophilia ===
=== Ephebophilia ===
{{See also|Ephebophilia}}
"[[Ephebophilia]]" is defined as a pattern of sexual attraction toward post-pubescent youths,<ref name="Blanchard2008">Blanchard, R. Blanchard, R., Lykins, A. D., Wherrett, D., Kuban, M. E., Cantor, J. M., Blak, T., Dickey, R., & Klassen, P. E. (2008). [https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s10508-008-9399-9 Pedophilia, hebephilia, and the DSM–V.] ''Archives of Sexual Behavior.'' doi 10.1007/s10508-008-9399-9.</ref> from the age of 15 to 17.<ref name="Seto_2017" /> This age range corresponds to Tanner stage 4.<ref name="Seto_2017" />
[[Ephebophilia]] is a pattern of sexual attraction toward post-pubescent youths,<ref name="Blanchard2008">Blanchard, R. Blanchard, R., Lykins, A. D., Wherrett, D., Kuban, M. E., Cantor, J. M., Blak, T., Dickey, R., & Klassen, P. E. (2008). Pedophilia, hebephilia, and the DSM–V. ''Archives of Sexual Behavior.'' {{doi|10.1007/s10508-008-9399-9}}.</ref> from the age of 15 to 17.<ref name="Seto_2017" /> This age range corresponds to Tanner stage 4.<ref name="Seto_2017" />


Ephebophilia is generally considered a [[Sexual norm|normophilia]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Hames |first1=Raymond |last2=Blanchard |first2=Ray |date=2012-08-01 |title=Anthropological Data Regarding the Adaptiveness of Hebephilia |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-9972-0 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |language=en |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=745–747 |doi=10.1007/s10508-012-9972-0 |pmid=22644593 |s2cid=254261711 |issn=1573-2800}}</ref>
Ephebophilia is generally considered a so-called "[[Wikipedia:Sexual norm|normophilia]]".<ref name=":3">Hames, Raymond and [[Ray Blanchard|Blanchard, Ray]] (2012). [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-9972-0 Anthropological Data Regarding the Adaptiveness of Hebephilia]. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'', volume 41, issue 4, pages 745–747, doi 10.1007/s10508-012-9972-0, pmid 22644593, s2cid 254261711, issn 1573-2800</ref>


== Chronophilias related to adults ==
== Chronophilias related to adults ==
=== Teleiophilia ===
=== Teleiophilia ===
[[File:Jan van Beers - Love-match.jpg|left|thumb|"Love match" by [[Jan van Beers (artist)|Jan van Beers]], before 1927.]]Teleiophilia (from Greek ''téleios'', "full grown") is a sexual preference for younger adults (20s and 30s).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Blanchard R, Barbaree HE, Bogaert AF, Dickey R, Klassen P, Kuban ME, Zucker KJ | title = Fraternal birth order and sexual orientation in pedophiles | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 29 | issue = 5 | pages = 463–478 | date = October 2000 | pmid = 10983250 | doi = 10.1023/A:1001943719964 | s2cid = 19755751 }}</ref> The term was coined by [[Ray Blanchard]] in 2000 and has seen less public adoption than some newer terms.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Blanchard R, Barbaree HE | title = The strength of sexual arousal as a function of the age of the sex offender: comparisons among pedophiles, hebephiles, and teleiophiles | journal = Sexual Abuse | volume = 17 | issue = 4 | pages = 441–456 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16341604 | doi = 10.1177/107906320501700407 | name-list-style = amp | s2cid = 220355347 }}</ref>
[[File:Jan van Beers - Love-match.jpg|left|thumb|"Love match" by [[Jan van Beers (artist)|Jan van Beers]], before 1927.]][[Teleiophilia]] (from Greek ''téleios'', "full grown") is defined as a sexual preference for younger adults (20s and 30s).<ref>[[Ray Blanchard|Blanchard R]] et al (2000). [https://sci-hub.se/10.1023/A:1001943719964 Fraternal birth order and sexual orientation in pedophiles]. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'', volume 29, issue 5, pages 463–478, pmid 10983250, doi 10.1023/A:1001943719964, s2cid 19755751</ref> The term was coined by [[Wikipedia:Ray Blanchard|Blanchard]] in 2000 and has seen less public adoption than some newer terms.<ref>Blanchard R, Barbaree HE (2005). [https://sci-hub.se/10.1177/107906320501700407 The strength of sexual arousal as a function of the age of the sex offender: comparisons among pedophiles, hebephiles, and teleiophiles]. ''Sexual Abuse'', volume 17, issue 4, pages 441–456, pmid 16341604, doi 10.1177/107906320501700407, s2cid 220355347</ref>


Most human beings are teleiophilic. This chronophilia, like all chronophilias related to adults, is associated to Tanner stage 5.<ref name="Seto_2017" />
Most human beings are said to be "teleiophilic". This "chronophilia", like all chronophilias related to adults, is associated to Tanner stage 5.<ref name="Seto_2017" />


=== Mesophilia ===
=== Mesophilia ===
Mesophilia (derived from the Greek "mesos", "intermediate") is a sexual preference for middle-aged adults (40s and 50s). The term was coined by [[Michael Seto]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Seto MC | title = The Puzzle of Male Chronophilias | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 46 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–22 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 27549306 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-016-0799-y | s2cid = 1555795 }}</ref>
Mesophilia (derived from the Greek "mesos", "intermediate") is a sexual preference for middle-aged adults (40s and 50s). The term was coined by [[Michael Seto]] in 2016.<ref>[[Michael Seto|Seto MC]] (2017). [https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s10508-016-0799-y The Puzzle of Male Chronophilias]. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'', volume 46, issue 1, pages 3–22, pmid 27549306, doi 10.1007/s10508-016-0799-y, s2cid 1555795</ref>
 
=== Gerontophilia ===
=== Gerontophilia ===
{{Main|Gerontophilia}}
[[File:Anonymous Elderly couple sitting on a sofa.jpg|thumb|182x182px|"Elderly couple sitting on a sofa" by an unknown author, 1790-1810]]
[[File:Anonymous Elderly couple sitting on a sofa.jpg|thumb|182x182px|"Elderly couple sitting on a sofa" by an unknown author, 1790-1810. ]]
Gerontophilia is sometimes defined as a sexual preference for the elderly (60s and older).<ref>Kaul A, Duffy S (1991). [https://sci-hub.se/10.1177/002580249103100204 Gerontophilia - a case report.] ''Medicine, Science, and the Law'', volume 31, issue 2, pages 110–114, pmid 2062191, doi 10.1177/002580249103100204, s2cid 6455643</ref>
Gerontophilia is a sexual preference for the elderly (60s and older).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kaul A, Duffy S | title = Gerontophilia--a case report | journal = Medicine, Science, and the Law | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 110–114 | date = April 1991 | pmid = 2062191 | doi = 10.1177/002580249103100204 | s2cid = 6455643 }}</ref>


== Nonexclusive age interests ==
== Nonexclusive age interests ==
Some individuals can be classified as having more than one chronophilia. And the concept of nonexclusivity can also cover nonadjacent age categories as well. Some men, for example, are equally attracted to both children and adults, just like other men are attracted to males and females.<ref name="Seto_2017" />
Some individuals can, unsurprisingly, be classified as having "more than one chronophilia". And the concept of nonexclusivity can also cover nonadjacent age categories as well. Some men, for example, are equally attracted to both children and adults, just like other men are attracted to males and females.<ref name="Seto_2017" />


In a research from the [[Prevention Project Dunkelfeld|Dunkelfeld Project]], 39 out of 215 pedophilic individuals and 59% of hebephilic participants identified themselves as nonexclusive.<ref name="Seto_2017" />
In a study by the [[preventionism|preventionist]] [[Wikipedia:Prevention Project Dunkelfeld|Dunkelfeld Project]], 39 out of 215 pedophilic individuals and 59% of hebephilic participants identified themselves as nonexclusive.<ref name="Seto_2017" /> A study from 2016 found that pedohebephilic women tend to be more nonexclusive than men.<ref name="Bailey_2017">[[Michael Bailey|Bailey JM]], Hsu KJ (2017). [https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s10508-016-0885-1 Orienting Basic Research on Chronophilias] ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'', volume 46, issue 1, pages 23–26, pmid 27815643,  doi 10.1007/s10508-016-0885-1, s2cid 254266621</ref>


A research from 2016 found that pedohebephilic women tend to be more nonexclusive than men.<ref name="Bailey_2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bailey JM, Hsu KJ | title = Orienting Basic Research on Chronophilias | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 46 | issue = 1 | pages = 23–26 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 27815643 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-016-0885-1 | s2cid = 254266621 }}</ref>
According to research from Dunkelfeld, possible chronophilic overlaps include the following:<ref name="BeierDisorder" />
 
According to a research from the [[Prevention Project Dunkelfeld]], possible chronophilic overlaps include the following:<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Beier |first1=K. M. |last2=Amelung |first2=T. |last3=Kuhle |first3=L. |last4=Grundmann |first4=D. |last5=Scherner |first5=G. |last6=Neutze |first6=J. |date=2015 |title=Hebephilia as a sexual disorder |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25723776/ |journal=Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=e1–9 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1398960 |issn=1439-3522 |pmid=25723776}}</ref>  


* pedo-hebephilia: pedophilia + hebephilia;
* pedo-hebephilia: pedophilia + hebephilia;
Line 88: Line 83:
* hebe-teleiophilia: hebephilia + teleiophilia;
* hebe-teleiophilia: hebephilia + teleiophilia;
* pedo-hebe-teleiophilia:  pedophilia + hebephilia + teleiophilia;
* pedo-hebe-teleiophilia:  pedophilia + hebephilia + teleiophilia;
As can be seen, the possibilities abound.


== Among women ==
== Among women ==
It is widely believed among academics that fewer women than men have non-teleiophilic preferences.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Vásquez-Amézquita M, Leongoméz JD, Salvador A, Seto MC | title = What can the eyes tell us about atypical sexual preferences as a function of sex and age? Linking eye movements with child-related chronophilias. | journal = Forensic Sciences Research | date = March 2023 | page = owad009 |doi=10.1093/fsr/owad009 }}</ref><ref name="Seto_2017" /> The overwhelming preponderance of men among people sexually attracted to minors is consistent with the general tendency of men being paraphiles.<ref name="Bailey_2017" />
It is widely believed among academics that fewer women than men have non-teleiophilic preferences.<ref>Vásquez-Amézquita M, et al (2023). [https://academic.oup.com/fsr/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/fsr/owad009/49623118/owad009.pdf What can the eyes tell us about atypical sexual preferences as a function of sex and age? Linking eye movements with child-related chronophilias.] ''Forensic Sciences Research'', doi 10.1093/fsr/owad009</ref><ref name="Seto_2017" /> The overwhelming preponderance of men among people sexually attracted to minors is consistent with a general tendency of men being "paraphiles".<ref name="Bailey_2017" />


In a survey conducted to 1,300 participants who had some form of attraction toward minors, only 5% of the respondents identified as female.<ref name="Bailey_2017" /> It has also been reported that women who had some sort of minor-attraction were more likely to have adult-oriented sexual behaviors, which is consistent with the broader sexuality literature that women are more [[Sexual fluidity|sexually fluid]] than men.<ref name="Lievesley_2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lievesley R, Lapworth R | title = "We Do Exist": The Experiences of Women Living with a Sexual Interest in Minors | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 51 | issue = 2 | pages = 879–896 | date = February 2022 | pmid = 34791582 | pmc = 8888496 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-021-02160-z }}</ref>
In a survey conducted on 1,300 participants who had some form of attraction toward minors, only 5% of the respondents identified as female.<ref name="Bailey_2017" /> It has also been reported that women who had some sort of minor-attraction were more likely to have adult-oriented sexual behaviors, which is consistent with the broader sexuality literature that women are more [[Wikipedia:Sexual fluidity|sexually fluid]] than men.<ref name="Lievesley_2022" />


Female minor-attracted women have reported feeling further isolated and excluded than men due to their gender. In an interview for a scientific study on women who are attracted to minors, some participants reported feeling as "a minority within a minority".<ref name="Lievesley_2022" />
Minor-attracted women have reported feeling further isolated and excluded than men due to their gender. In an interview for a scientific study on women who are attracted to minors, some participants reported feeling as "a minority within a minority".<ref name="Lievesley_2022" />


== In popular culture ==
== In popular culture ==


The prevalence of mesophilia in society is hinted at by the relative popularity of the slang [[MILF]] (which stands for "mom I would like to fuck"), as well as the acronym DILF. Results from an online survey about paraphilic sexual interests suggest that 34% of women and 48% of men have reported sexual fantasies about older partners.<ref name="Seto_2017" />
The prevalence of mesophilia in society is hinted at by the relative popularity of the slang ''[[Wikipedia:MILF|MILF]]'' (which stands for "Mom I would Like to Fuck"), as well as the derived acronym ''DILF''. Results from an online survey about paraphilic sexual interests suggest that 34% of women and 48% of men have reported sexual fantasies about older partners.<ref name="Seto_2017" />


The term ''pedophile'' is understood differently in academic and popular languages. While academics use this word to refer to people who are sexually attracted to prepubescent children, popular culture often uses the term to refer to anyone who carries out a sexual act with an adolescent. In ''popular'' criminology, the word pedophile is used as a generic term to describe a broad array of sexual relationships involving minors.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Kohm |first1=Steven A. |last2=Greenhill |first2=Pauline |date=2011 |title=Pedophile crime films as popular criminology: A problem of justice? |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1362480610388974 |journal=Theoretical Criminology |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=195–215 |doi=10.1177/1362480610388974 |s2cid=145184316 |issn=1362-4806}}</ref>
The term ''pedophile'' is understood differently in academic and popular languages. While academics use this word to refer to people who are sexually attracted to prepubescent children, colloquially, the term often refers to anyone who carries out a sexual act with an adolescent or child. In ''popular'' criminology and crime fiction, the word pedophile is used as a generic term to describe a broad array of sexual relationships involving minors.<ref name=":4">Kohm, Steven A. and Greenhill, Pauline (2011) [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1362480610388974 Pedophile crime films as popular criminology: A problem of justice?] ''Theoretical Criminology'', volume 15, issue 2, pages 195–215, doi 10.1177/1362480610388974, s2cid 145184316, issn 1362-4806</ref>


Cinematic depictions of pedophiles, in the ''popular'' definition, include Hans Becker from [[M (1931 film)|M]] (1931 movie) and the protagonist of [[The Mark (1961 film)|The Mark]] (1961), both of whom are portrayed as criminals.<ref name=":4" />
Cinematic depictions of pedophiles, in the ''popular'' definition, include Hans Becker from [[Wikipedia:M (1931 film)|M]] (1931 movie) and the protagonist of [[Wikipedia:The Mark (1961 film)|The Mark]] (1961), both of whom are portrayed as criminals.<ref name=":4" />


== Society and stigma ==
== Society and stigma ==
[[File:Graffiti Poznan Pedofilia.jpg|thumb|237x237px|[[Anti-pedophile activism|Anti-pedophilia]] graffiti in [[Poznań]], Poland.]]
[[File:Graffiti Poznan Pedofilia.jpg|thumb|237x237px|[[Anti-pedophile activism|Anti-pedophilia]] graffiti in [[Poznań]], Poland.]]
Teleiophilia is the most common chronophilia among human beings.<ref name="Seto_2017" /> Ephebophilia is generally considered a normophilia.<ref name=":3" />
Teleiophilia is identified as the "most common chronophilia" among human beings.<ref name="Seto_2017" /> Ephebophilia is generally considered a "normophilia".<ref name=":3" /> Chronophilias related to minors, on the other hand, are associated with higher social [[Research: The Dangers of Stigma|stigma]]. Research has shown that though some minor-attracted persons may receive positive social support after disclosing their attractions, others may encounter negative reactions such as threats, loss of friendships and increased levels of stress, even if they had committed no criminal offenses. In two joint studies about the topic, 38% and 49% of participants stated that minor-attracted persons who had not committed a crime should be nonetheless incarcerated, and 14 and 27% believed they would be better off dead.<ref name=":2" />


Chronophilias related to minors are associated with a higher social stigma. Research has shown that though some minor-attracted persons may receive positive social support after disclosing their attractions, others may encounter negative reactions such as threats, loss of friendships and increased levels of stress, even if they had commited no criminal offenses. In two joint studies about the topic, 38% and 49% of participants stated that minor-attracted persons who had not commited a crime should be nonetheless incarcerated, and 14 and 27% belived they would be better off dead.<ref name=":2" />
Individuals who are attracted to minors might also suffer from internalized stigma against their own sexual impulses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lievesley |first=Rebecca |last2=Harper |first2=Craig A. |last3=Elliott |first3=Helen |year=2020-05-01 |title=[https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-01569-x The Internalization of Social Stigma Among Minor-Attracted Persons: Implications for Treatment] |journal=''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'' |language=en |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=1291–1304 |doi=10.1007/s10508-019-01569-x |issn=1573-2800 |pmc=7145785 |pmid=31925747}}</ref>


Individuals who are attracted to minors might also suffer from internalized stigma against their own sexual impulses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lievesley |first1=Rebecca |last2=Harper |first2=Craig A. |last3=Elliott |first3=Helen |date=2020-05-01 |title=The Internalization of Social Stigma Among Minor-Attracted Persons: Implications for Treatment |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-01569-x |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |language=en |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=1291–1304 |doi=10.1007/s10508-019-01569-x |issn=1573-2800 |pmc=7145785 |pmid=31925747}}</ref>
Though there are no restrictions on consensual depictions of adults in pornographic media, [[Child Pornography|erotic pornographic material involving minors]] is illegal.<ref name="Seto_2017" />
 
Though there are no restrictions on consensual depictions of adults in pornographic media, erotic pornographic material involving minors are illegal.<ref name="Seto_2017" />


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 128: Line 123:


== References ==
== References ==
[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Terminology]][[Category:Terminology: Academic]][[Category:Terminology: MAP]][[Category:Research]][[Category:Research on Minor Attraction]][[Category:History & Events: 2000s]][[Category:History & Events: 1980s]][[Category:Mental Health Industry]]

Revision as of 19:45, 20 May 2023

"Ill-Matched Couple: Young Man and Old Woman" by Lucas Cranach the Elder, c. 1520.

"Chronophilia" is defined as a type of sexual interest or preference for individuals of a particular age.[1]

"Chronophilias" related to minors are nepiophilia (attraction toward infants), pedophilia (prepubescent children), hebephilia (pubescent youth) and ephebophilia (late teens). Chronophilias related to adults are mesophilia and gerontophilia. The only supposedly "typical" form of "chronophilia" is teleiophilia (attraction toward young adults).[2][3]

"Chronophilic" sexual labels, to the extent they are used, do not technically relate to age itself, but to preferences for human sexual maturity stages, connoting features such as body type, muscle development, and secondary sexual characteristics.[4]

Each "chronophilia" is associated with a stage of the Tanner scale of human sexual development, which ranges from stages one to five. Hebephilia, however, corresponds to both stages 2 and 3. All "chronophilias" related to adults correspond to stage 5 of the scale.[4]

Etymology

The term chronophilia (chrono (time) + philia (love)) was coined by psychologist and sexologist John Money to describe a form of "paraphilia" in which an individual experiences sexual attraction limited to individuals of particular age ranges.[5][6]

An arguable historical precursor was Krafft-Ebing's concept of "age fetishism".[7]

Background

Karl Ulrichs is believed to be the first theorist of erotic age preferences, having written about the topic in the 1860's.[8]

Most inclinations described as "chronophilias" are scarcely researched, especially mesophilia and gerontophilia. The existing body of research on the topic is also mainly focused on men. Chronophilias related to sexual attractions to minors (such as pedophilia and hebephilia), however, have a significantly bigger body of modern scientific research compared to the others.[2]

Age-based sexual attractions have been a topic of scientific study for over 150 years, Ulrichs arguably being the first theorist of the field. However, after the mid 1980's there was a cultural and global medicalization of the topic, as well as an intimidation of scholarly inquiries regarding this subject that escaped the field of forensics.[8]

Much of the scientific knowledge of non-teleiophilic "chronophilias" in fact derives from forensic and correctional samples. And non-teleiophilic, criminal offenders are most certainly not representative of the whole population of non-teleiophilic people.[1]

Classification

File:Tanner scale-female.svg
The Tanner scale, showing stages one to five for human females.

Each "chonophilia" is related to a stage of the Tanner scale, which is a model that describes the evolution of visible primary and secondary sexual characteristics of human beings from childhood to adulthood. Though physical features are important for eliciting "chronophilic" sexual arousal, psychological features may also play a role in it. Pedophile males, for example, have reported "innocence" and "playfulness" as part of what they find attractive in children.[4]

There is presently no evidence that age preferences among men vary as they themselves age, although some surveys of mature women suggest that the average age of their preferred long-term partner increases with theirs. "Chronophilias" may begin to manifest in the ages associated with menarche and puberty, as is the case for pedophilia and possibly other chronophilias.[4]

It is also said to be possible for human beings to have more than one "chronophilia".[4][9] People who are pedophiles and hebephiles at the same time may be called pedohebephiles.[10]

Chronophilias related to minors

The Warren Cup depicting an older man having sexual intercourse with an adolescent boy.

The term minor-attraction has been used as an umbrella term to classify chronophilias related to minors. Under this terminology, a person who is attracted to minors would be called a minor-attracted person (MAP).[11][12] The usage of this term in scientific articles started growing after 2017.[13] It is controversial among academics whether ephebophiles should be considered minor-attracted.[12][11]

Similarly to other sexual groups, people who are attracted to minors often become aware of their sexual preference during adolescence.[14]

Nepiophilia

Nepiophilia (sometimes called infantophilia) is defined as a form of sexual preference for infants up to the age of 2 or 3. This age range corresponds to the Tanner stage 1.[4]

Very little is known about nepiophilia. It, along with gerontophilia, is expected to be one of the rarest "chronophilias" that exist.[4]

Pedophilia

Pedophilia is a "chronophilia" whose objects of attraction are prepubescent minors (children) from the ages of 3 to 10 (sometimes set as high as 11, or 12). This age range also corresponds to Tanner stage 1.[4]

Pedophilia is the best-researched chronophilia. It has been estimated in the DSM that the prevalence of pedophilia among the general male population could be as high as 5%. Pedophilia is more common among men than women, which is the case with most interests defined as paraphilias (except for masochism and objectophilia, among others).[4]

According to the fifth edition of the DSM, pedophilia is a paraphilia in which a person has intense sexual "urges" towards children, and experiences recurrent sexual "urges" towards and fantasies about children. Pedophilic disorder is further defined as a psychological disorder in which a person meets the criteria for pedophilia above, and also either acts upon those urges, or else experiences distress or interpersonal difficulty as a consequence.[15][16]

Hebephilia

"Jupiter Kissing Ganymede" by Wilhelm Böttner, c. 1780.

Hebephilia is defined as a form of sexual attraction toward pubescent persons, from ages 11 to 14. This age range corresponds to Tanner stages 2 and 3.[4]

The term hebephilia was introduced by Bernard Glueck in 1955.[17] It has also been attributed to psychiatrist Paul K. Benedict.[8]

Despite being socially sanctioned in many modern Western societies, hebephilia is not an uncommon form of age-based sexual preference.[4] Hebephilia has not been included as a diagnostic category in the DSM 5.[18]

Ephebophilia

"Ephebophilia" is defined as a pattern of sexual attraction toward post-pubescent youths,[19] from the age of 15 to 17.[4] This age range corresponds to Tanner stage 4.[4]

Ephebophilia is generally considered a so-called "normophilia".[20]

Chronophilias related to adults

Teleiophilia

"Love match" by Jan van Beers, before 1927.

Teleiophilia (from Greek téleios, "full grown") is defined as a sexual preference for younger adults (20s and 30s).[21] The term was coined by Blanchard in 2000 and has seen less public adoption than some newer terms.[22]

Most human beings are said to be "teleiophilic". This "chronophilia", like all chronophilias related to adults, is associated to Tanner stage 5.[4]

Mesophilia

Mesophilia (derived from the Greek "mesos", "intermediate") is a sexual preference for middle-aged adults (40s and 50s). The term was coined by Michael Seto in 2016.[23]

Gerontophilia

"Elderly couple sitting on a sofa" by an unknown author, 1790-1810

Gerontophilia is sometimes defined as a sexual preference for the elderly (60s and older).[24]

Nonexclusive age interests

Some individuals can, unsurprisingly, be classified as having "more than one chronophilia". And the concept of nonexclusivity can also cover nonadjacent age categories as well. Some men, for example, are equally attracted to both children and adults, just like other men are attracted to males and females.[4]

In a study by the preventionist Dunkelfeld Project, 39 out of 215 pedophilic individuals and 59% of hebephilic participants identified themselves as nonexclusive.[4] A study from 2016 found that pedohebephilic women tend to be more nonexclusive than men.[25]

According to research from Dunkelfeld, possible chronophilic overlaps include the following:[18]

  • pedo-hebephilia: pedophilia + hebephilia;
  • pedo-teleiophilia: pedophilia + teleiophilia;
  • hebe-teleiophilia: hebephilia + teleiophilia;
  • pedo-hebe-teleiophilia: pedophilia + hebephilia + teleiophilia;

As can be seen, the possibilities abound.

Among women

It is widely believed among academics that fewer women than men have non-teleiophilic preferences.[26][4] The overwhelming preponderance of men among people sexually attracted to minors is consistent with a general tendency of men being "paraphiles".[25]

In a survey conducted on 1,300 participants who had some form of attraction toward minors, only 5% of the respondents identified as female.[25] It has also been reported that women who had some sort of minor-attraction were more likely to have adult-oriented sexual behaviors, which is consistent with the broader sexuality literature that women are more sexually fluid than men.[11]

Minor-attracted women have reported feeling further isolated and excluded than men due to their gender. In an interview for a scientific study on women who are attracted to minors, some participants reported feeling as "a minority within a minority".[11]

In popular culture

The prevalence of mesophilia in society is hinted at by the relative popularity of the slang MILF (which stands for "Mom I would Like to Fuck"), as well as the derived acronym DILF. Results from an online survey about paraphilic sexual interests suggest that 34% of women and 48% of men have reported sexual fantasies about older partners.[4]

The term pedophile is understood differently in academic and popular languages. While academics use this word to refer to people who are sexually attracted to prepubescent children, colloquially, the term often refers to anyone who carries out a sexual act with an adolescent or child. In popular criminology and crime fiction, the word pedophile is used as a generic term to describe a broad array of sexual relationships involving minors.[27]

Cinematic depictions of pedophiles, in the popular definition, include Hans Becker from M (1931 movie) and the protagonist of The Mark (1961), both of whom are portrayed as criminals.[27]

Society and stigma

Anti-pedophilia graffiti in Poznań, Poland.

Teleiophilia is identified as the "most common chronophilia" among human beings.[4] Ephebophilia is generally considered a "normophilia".[20] Chronophilias related to minors, on the other hand, are associated with higher social stigma. Research has shown that though some minor-attracted persons may receive positive social support after disclosing their attractions, others may encounter negative reactions such as threats, loss of friendships and increased levels of stress, even if they had committed no criminal offenses. In two joint studies about the topic, 38% and 49% of participants stated that minor-attracted persons who had not committed a crime should be nonetheless incarcerated, and 14 and 27% believed they would be better off dead.[14]

Individuals who are attracted to minors might also suffer from internalized stigma against their own sexual impulses.[28]

Though there are no restrictions on consensual depictions of adults in pornographic media, erotic pornographic material involving minors is illegal.[4]

See also

Wikipedia

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Mokros, A. (Jan, 2017). The Chronophilia Conundrum: Continuum or Epiphenomenon? Archives of Sexual Behavior, volume 46, issue 1, pages 43–45, pmid 27778133, doi 10.1007/s10508-016-0882-4, s2cid 254250686
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Seto, M. What are chronophilias? The Conversation
  3. ↑ Singal, J. (2016). Being Into Middle-Aged People Is Probably a Sexual Orientation The Cut
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 Seto, MC. (January 2017). The Puzzle of Male Chronophilias Archives of Sexual Behavior, volume 46, issue 1, pages 3–22, pmid 27549306, doi 10.1007/s10508-016-0799-y, s2cid 254256051
  5. ↑ Money, J. (1986). Lovemaps: clinical concepts of sexual/erotic health and pathology, paraphilia, and gender transposition of childhood, adolescence, and maturity. isbn 978-0-8290-1589-8, pages 70, 260
  6. ↑ Money, J. (1990). Gay, Straight, and In-Between: The Sexology of Erotic Orientation. isbn 978-0-19-505407-1, pages 137, 183
  7. ↑ Janssen, DF. (2015). 'Chronophilia': Entries of Erotic Age Preference into Descriptive Psychopathology. Medical History, volume 59, issue 4, pages 575–598, pmid 26352305, pmc 4595948, doi 10.1017/mdh.2015.47
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Janssen DF (2017). "Chronophilia": Appreciating 150 Years of Puzzle-Solving. Archives of Sexual Behavior, vol 46, issue 1, pages 35–38, pmid 27796605, doi 10.1007/s10508-016-0883-3, s2cid 254264932
  9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
  10. ↑ Jahnke, Sara et al (2023). Pedohebephilia and Perceived Non-coercive Childhood Sexual Experiences: Two Non-matched Case-Control Studies. Sexual Abuse, volume 35, issue 3, pages 340 374, doi 10.1177/10790632221098341, issn 1079-0632, pmc 10041574, pmid 35549946
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Lievesley R, Lapworth R. (February 2022). "We Do Exist": The Experiences of Women Living with a Sexual Interest in Minors. Archives of Sexual Behavior, volume 51, issue 2, pages 879–896, doi 10.1007/s10508-021-02160-z, pmc 8888496, pmid 34791582
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Lievesley et al (2022). Primary Health Professionals' Beliefs, Experiences, and Willingness to Treat Minor-Attracted Persons. Archives of Sexual Behavior, volume 51, issue 2, pages 923–943, doi 10.1007/s10508-021-02271-7, issn 1573-2800, pmc 8793822, pmid 35084616
  13. ↑ [[Sara Jahnke|Jahnke, Sara et al (2022). Pedophile, Child Lover, or Minor-Attracted Person? Attitudes Toward Labels Among People Who are Sexually Attracted to Children. Archives of Sexual Behavior, volume 51, issue 8, pages 4125–4139, doi 10.1007/s10508-022-02331-6, issn 0004-0002, pmc 9663395, pmid 36175817
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Walker, Allyson and Panfil, Vanessa R. (2017). Minor Attraction: A Queer Criminological Issue. Critical Criminology volume 25, issue=1, pages 37–53, doi 10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7, s2cid 254419401, issn 1572-9877
  15. ↑ American Psychiatric Association (2013). Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Archived. Paraphilic disorders (page 18)
  16. ↑ American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV TR (Text Revision). Vol 1, isbn 978-0-89042-024-9, doi 10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349, page 943. Archived.
  17. ↑ Glueck Jr BC, 1955. Research project for the study and treatment of persons convicted of crimes involving sexual aberrations. New York State Department of Mental Hygiene
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Beier, K. M. et al (2015). Hebephilia as a sexual disorder. Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie, vol 83, issue 2, pages 1–9, doi 10.1055/s-0034-1398960, issn 1439-3522, pmid 25723776
  19. ↑ Blanchard, R. Blanchard, R., Lykins, A. D., Wherrett, D., Kuban, M. E., Cantor, J. M., Blak, T., Dickey, R., & Klassen, P. E. (2008). Pedophilia, hebephilia, and the DSM–V. Archives of Sexual Behavior. doi 10.1007/s10508-008-9399-9.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Hames, Raymond and Blanchard, Ray (2012). Anthropological Data Regarding the Adaptiveness of Hebephilia. Archives of Sexual Behavior, volume 41, issue 4, pages 745–747, doi 10.1007/s10508-012-9972-0, pmid 22644593, s2cid 254261711, issn 1573-2800
  21. ↑ Blanchard R et al (2000). Fraternal birth order and sexual orientation in pedophiles. Archives of Sexual Behavior, volume 29, issue 5, pages 463–478, pmid 10983250, doi 10.1023/A:1001943719964, s2cid 19755751
  22. ↑ Blanchard R, Barbaree HE (2005). The strength of sexual arousal as a function of the age of the sex offender: comparisons among pedophiles, hebephiles, and teleiophiles. Sexual Abuse, volume 17, issue 4, pages 441–456, pmid 16341604, doi 10.1177/107906320501700407, s2cid 220355347
  23. ↑ Seto MC (2017). The Puzzle of Male Chronophilias. Archives of Sexual Behavior, volume 46, issue 1, pages 3–22, pmid 27549306, doi 10.1007/s10508-016-0799-y, s2cid 1555795
  24. ↑ Kaul A, Duffy S (1991). Gerontophilia - a case report. Medicine, Science, and the Law, volume 31, issue 2, pages 110–114, pmid 2062191, doi 10.1177/002580249103100204, s2cid 6455643
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Bailey JM, Hsu KJ (2017). Orienting Basic Research on Chronophilias Archives of Sexual Behavior, volume 46, issue 1, pages 23–26, pmid 27815643, doi 10.1007/s10508-016-0885-1, s2cid 254266621
  26. ↑ Vásquez-Amézquita M, et al (2023). What can the eyes tell us about atypical sexual preferences as a function of sex and age? Linking eye movements with child-related chronophilias. Forensic Sciences Research, doi 10.1093/fsr/owad009
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Kohm, Steven A. and Greenhill, Pauline (2011) Pedophile crime films as popular criminology: A problem of justice? Theoretical Criminology, volume 15, issue 2, pages 195–215, doi 10.1177/1362480610388974, s2cid 145184316, issn 1362-4806
  28. ↑ Lievesley, Rebecca (2020-05-01). "The Internalization of Social Stigma Among Minor-Attracted Persons: Implications for Treatment," Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49, 1291–1304.
Retrieved from "https://www.newgon.net/wiki/index.php?title=Chronophilia&oldid=20954"