Debate Guide: Teen brain

Following misuse of science by the media, it is widely believed adolescents have inferior and less developed brains

The brains of teenagers are described as inferior and underdeveloped, leading some laymen to conclude that western "teen turmoil" and allegedly "bad decision making" are innate and unavoidable.

With scientists discovering that the brain does not stop developing until 25, we know that minors cannot give consent to sex, so why should we change the law?

The argument is based on outdated science and a series of false assumptions. Our research article on cognitive ability has many sources to combine with the following rebutted myths:

That brain development stops at 18 or 25, and is not already declining in some key areas.

This is refuted by authors such as Epstein, in the article above.

The developmental fallacy

I.e. the belief that the neurology of minors at earlier points in their development is necessarily "inferior" or "less adapted" to tasks the minor is physically/biologically capable of. In the form of "recapitulation" theory, this is an outdated mis-application of Darwin.

The above, as manifested in value-judgments.

Giedd's and Romer's^[1] studies, for example, refer to impulsiveness. From that, some unscrupulous individuals in the media have falsely concluded that teenagers are stupid, naturally reckless and need to be controlled or "protected". These are value-judgments. How one interprets the will (or ability) to take risks depends on ones own sensibilities and cultural norms. It is unsurprising then, that most interpretations of the teen brain steer clear of possible adaptive functions or Darwinian explanations and instead focus on pathology and poor control.

That sex is something highly complex and hard to understand.

For example, if there were no taboo, how easy would it be for mentally inferior people to practise safe sex? At its most basic level, enjoying pleasurable sensations is an incredibly simple, instinctual thing. This is why western women are often seen joking about needing to get drunk enough to have sex, and not even being able to recall said events; i.e. for them, it seems, overcoming social inhibitions is more important than being able to understand what is going on.

That in its current form, the age of consent is realistic and viable as a legal construct.

We could for the proponent's benefit, then go on to extend the theory to other groups who tend to be less mentally capable. For example, racial groups exhibiting low IQs and low grades, the mentally ill, poor, elderly or otherwise vulnerable could all be given "protections" because of their "social status" and/or "inborn inferiorities" that might include "impulsive nature". And since "brain development does not end until 25", why not equalize the Age of Consent with such a scientifically-approved magical age, or go even higher since operational intelligence depends on learning facts; i.e. parameters of reference?

In summary, these arguments are simply inferred from what is an already compromised body of "teen brain" literature and associated media-scares, designed to re-affirm contemporary anti-youth prejudice. The conclusions are based upon a logical leap from physiological (brain development) to cognitive, in that proponents fail to point out how exactly structure impairs ability. Then another logical leap is made from this half-baked cognitive argument to possible victimological, criminal and legislative implications.

Examples of teen excellence

In Robert Epstein's article linked below, he refers to:

"long-standing studies of intelligence, perceptual abilities and memory function [showing] that teens are in many instances far superior to adults. Visual acuity, for example, peaks around the time of puberty. “Incidental memory”—the kind of memory that occurs automatically, without any mnemonic effort, peaks at about age 12 and declines through life. [...] In the 1940s pioneering intelligence researchers J. C. Raven and David Wechsler, relying on radically different kinds of intelligence tests, each showed that raw scores on intelligence tests peak between ages 13 and 15 and decline after that throughout life. [...] And whereas brain size is not necessarily a good indication of processing ability, it is notable that recent scanning data collected by Eric Courchesne and his colleagues at the University of California, San Diego, show that brain volume peaks at about age 14."

Fallacies and cognitive distortions covered

Non sequitur fallacy: Age-correlated differences in brain development, and even failure in emotionally laden judgment challenges do not imply inferiority, inability or lack of consent. In fact, they may relate to adaptive traits, such as reproductive fitness in teenage boys.
Cognitive distortion: Disqualifying the positive, Magnification.

Excerpt Graphic Library

Although the research section goes into a lot more detail, the EGL on Competences and Development has some relevant information. Just right click/save and reproduce by uploading in short-form media to bypass character limits.

Basic brain aging primer
Teen Brain research summary
Age chauvinism
BJ Casey
Joseph Bronski
Full Brain Size and adult-like competences in early childhood
Development of reasoning ability in early childhood (Moshman, 2005)
Early development of brain - Del Giudice
White and Gray Matter levels - Del Giudice (2017)
Bethlehem et al, 2022, brain volumes and matter levels by age
Giedd 1999 brain matter curves by age
Mills et al: Adolescent brains indistinguishable from adult. Variance in gray matter between individuals is far greater than any changes over time.
John Raven - Intelligence hits a peak in the mid teens, then plateaus and declines (the decline may have been at least in part due to poorer education in the interwar period).
John Raven - Intelligence hits a peak in the mid teens, then plateaus (note improvement in scores obtained in the 1970s)
Moshman on common fallacies of teen brain development
Moshman continued
Moshman continued
Laurence Steinberg (2008)
Epstein reviewed, plus other references - raw intelligence peak 13-15 y/o
2020 meta-analysis on the age of Thelarche (breast budding in girls - start of puberty)
Conclusions of the aforementioned 2020 meta-analysis
Physical development - Tanner stages reached considerably earlier than commonly supposed
Physical development - Ages of pubertal development lower than commonly stated
Girls developing sexual features almost completely by 11